Модални глаголи за минало (Modals of deduction, must have, can't have)
Урокът обяснява модалните глаголи за минало: модал + have + трето причастие. С must have изразяваме сигурен извод за миналото, с can't have казваме, че нещо е невъзможно, а с might/may/could have изразяваме несигурно предположение. Should have изразява съжаление или критика (трябваше да...), а needn't have показва, че нещо е направено ненужно.
Какво да запомним
- Формула: modal + have + V3 (must have studied).
- must have: почти сигурно е станало; can't have: невъзможно е да е станало.
- might/may/could have: може би е станало.
- should have: трябваше да (а не е направено), съжаление.
- needn't have: направено е, но не е било нужно.
Пример
She got 100% on the test. She must have studied a lot. (Изкарала е 100% на теста, сигурно е учила много.)
Проверете се: 15 въпроса
Натиснете въпроса, за да видите верния отговор и обяснението.
She got 100% on the test. She ___ have studied a lot.
- can't
- must
- mustn't
- needn't
Отговор: must
Must have + минало причастие: сигурен извод за миналото.
He ___ have seen me; he was asleep.
- must
- should
- would
- can't
Отговор: can't
Can't have: сигурни сме, че нещо не се е случило.
I'm not sure where my keys are. I ___ have left them at school.
- might
- must
- can't
- should
Отговор: might
Might have изразява възможност, не сигурност.
You failed the test. You ___ have studied harder.
- must
- can't
- should
- might not
Отговор: should
Should have: критика или съжаление за нещо, което не е направено.
You ___ have brought an umbrella; it didn't rain at all.
- mustn't
- can't
- must
- needn't
Отговор: needn't
Needn't have: направил си нещо, което не е било нужно.
Tom's coat and bag aren't here. He ___ have gone home.
- mustn't
- needn't
- must
- doesn't
Отговор: must
Логичен извод за миналото: must have gone.
He ___ have stolen the money; he was with me all evening.
- can't
- must
- should
- might
Отговор: can't
Сигурни сме, че не е: can't have.
Choose the correct form: She must have ___ the news.
- hear
- heard
- hearing
- to hear
Отговор: heard
След must have следва минало причастие: heard.
I'm not sure, but they ___ have got lost.
- must
- can't
- should
- may
Отговор: may
May have / might have: възможност в миналото.
Which sentence expresses regret?
- I must have listened to my teacher.
- I can't have listened to my teacher.
- I should have listened to my teacher.
- I might have listened to my teacher.
Отговор: I should have listened to my teacher.
Should have изразява съжаление, че нещо не е направено.
Complete: 'He must have ___ home early.' (go)
- went
- go
- gone
- going
Отговор: gone
След must have идва трето причастие: gone.
What does 'can't have' express about the past?
- it's certain
- it's impossible
- it's advice
- it's a habit
Отговор: it's impossible
Can't have значи, че е невъзможно нещо да е станало.
She didn't answer the phone. She ___ been asleep, but I'm not sure.
- must have
- could have
- should have
- needn't have
Отговор: could have
Could have изразява несигурно предположение.
You ___ told her the secret! Now everyone knows.
- shouldn't have
- needn't have
- can't have
- might have
Отговор: shouldn't have
Shouldn't have критикува минало действие.
I'm sure he didn't take the bus; it wasn't running. He ___ the bus.
- can't have taken
- mustn't have taken
- needn't take
- shouldn't take
Отговор: can't have taken
За отрицателен сигурен извод за миналото ползваме can't have + V3.