Медиите и информацията

News and fake news

1. A story that is deliberately false but presented as real news is called ___.

   • fake news
   • breaking news
   • a headline
   • a column

   Отговор: fake news

   Fake news е невярна информация, представена умишлено като истинска новина.

2. The person who decides what goes into a newspaper and checks the articles is the ___.

   • reader
   • editor
   • printer
   • subscriber

   Отговор: editor

   Editor (редактор) избира и проверява материалите.

3. A person who writes news stories for a newspaper or website is a ___.

   • pilot
   • journalist
   • dentist
   • plumber

   Отговор: journalist

   Journalist е журналистът, който пише новини.

4. The title of a newspaper article, printed in large letters, is the ___.

   • caption
   • byline
   • headline
   • footnote

   Отговор: headline

   Headline е заглавието на статията; caption е текстът под снимка, а byline е името на автора.

5. An exclusive story that one newspaper publishes before all the others is a ___.

   • leak
   • rumour
   • review
   • scoop

   Отговор: scoop

   Scoop е ексклузивна новина, публикувана първа.

6. A newspaper that is published every day is a ___ newspaper.

   • weekly
   • yearly
   • monthly
   • daily

   Отговор: daily

   Daily означава всекидневен.

7. An exaggerated headline designed mainly to make people click is called ___.

   • a scoop
   • clickbait
   • a press release
   • an obituary

   Отговор: clickbait

   Clickbait са подвеждащи или преувеличени заглавия, чиято цел е повече кликове.

8. A website that publishes funny, invented news stories as a joke is ___.

   • a tabloid
   • a broadsheet
   • satire
   • a news agency

   Отговор: satire

   Сатирата използва измислени новини, за да осмее нещо.

9. A piece in a newspaper that gives the opinion of the editors is an ___.

   • editorial
   • obituary
   • advert
   • index

   Отговор: editorial

   Editorial е уводна статия с мнението на редакцията.

10. What is the most reliable first step when checking whether a viral story is true?

    • Check how many likes it has
    • See if your friends have shared it
    • Trust it if it has a photo
    • Look for the same story in several reputable sources

    Отговор: Look for the same story in several reputable sources

    Сравняването с няколко надеждни източника е основният начин за проверка; харесванията и споделянията не доказват истинност.

11. Which type of newspaper is known for sensational stories and celebrity gossip?

    • tabloid
    • broadsheet
    • academic journal
    • official gazette

    Отговор: tabloid

    Таблоидите търсят сензации и клюки.

12. News that is shared extremely quickly online by many people has gone ___.

    • vital
    • virtual
    • viral
    • visual

    Отговор: viral

    Go viral: да се разпространи масово и бързо в мрежата.

13. False information spread on purpose to deceive is 'disinformation'. False information shared by someone who believes it is ___.

    • misinformation
    • malinformation
    • propaganda
    • satire

    Отговор: misinformation

    Misinformation е невярна информация, разпространявана без умисъл; disinformation се разпространява съзнателно.

14. When a journalist checks every claim in a story before publishing it, this is called ___.

    • ghost-writing
    • proofreading
    • editorialising
    • fact-checking

    Отговор: fact-checking

    Fact-checking е проверка на фактите; proofreading е проверка на правописа.

15. A journalist who refuses to reveal who gave them information is protecting their ___.

    • readers
    • headlines
    • advertisers
    • sources

    Отговор: sources

    Журналистите пазят анонимността на източниците си.

Reported speech

1. 'I am tired,' she said. → She said that she ___ tired.

   • is
   • was
   • were
   • has been

   Отговор: was

   В непряка реч Present Simple преминава в Past Simple: am → was.

2. 'I can swim,' he said. → He said he ___ swim.

   • can
   • may
   • could
   • should

   Отговор: could

   Can в непряка реч става could.

3. 'I like pizza,' Ana said. → Ana said she ___ pizza.

   • likes
   • had like
   • is liking
   • liked

   Отговор: liked

   При преразказ след said Present Simple става Past Simple.

4. 'I will call you,' he told me. → He told me he ___ call me.

   • will
   • shall
   • could have
   • would

   Отговор: would

   Will в непряка реч става would.

5. 'Are you ready?' she asked. → She asked me ___ I was ready.

   • that
   • if
   • what
   • do

   Отговор: if

   Въпросите с да/не се предават с if или whether.

6. 'We are watching TV,' they said. → They said they ___ TV.

   • are watching
   • were watching
   • watched
   • have watched

   Отговор: were watching

   Present Continuous става Past Continuous.

7. 'Where do you live?' she asked. → She asked me where ___.

   • did I live
   • do I live
   • I lived
   • lived I

   Отговор: I lived

   В непрекия въпрос редът е като в съобщително изречение (подлог + сказуемо), без спомагателен глагол do/did.

8. 'We arrived here last week,' they said. → They said they had arrived there ___.

   • the week before
   • last week
   • next week
   • this week

   Отговор: the week before

   Last week обикновено става the week before (the previous week).

9. 'I must leave now,' he said. → He said he ___ leave then.

   • has to
   • musts
   • had to
   • will

   Отговор: had to

   Must обикновено се преразказва с had to.

10. (Reported days later, in another place) 'I saw him yesterday,' Tom said. → Tom said he had seen him ___.

    • yesterday
    • the day before
    • tomorrow
    • the next day

    Отговор: the day before

    Yesterday в непряка реч обикновено става the day before (или the previous day).

11. 'I have been working all day,' Mum said. → Mum said she ___ all day.

    • has been working
    • had been working
    • was working
    • worked

    Отговор: had been working

    Present Perfect Continuous преминава в Past Perfect Continuous.

12. 'I'll see you tomorrow,' she said. → She said she would see me ___.

    • the next day
    • tomorrow ago
    • yesterday
    • the day before

    Отговор: the next day

    Tomorrow при преразказ става the next day (the following day).

13. 'Don't touch the wires!' the electrician said to us. → The electrician ___.

    • told us to not touching the wires
    • said us not touch the wires
    • told us don't touch the wires
    • told us not to touch the wires

    Отговор: told us not to touch the wires

    Отрицателна заповед се предава с tell + обект + not to + инфинитив.

14. 'Please close the door,' the teacher said to Ivan. → The teacher ___ the door.

    • said Ivan to close
    • asked Ivan closing
    • told to Ivan close
    • asked Ivan to close

    Отговор: asked Ivan to close

    Молба се предава с ask + обект + to-инфинитив.

15. 'What time did the film start?' he asked. → He asked me what time ___.

    • did the film start
    • the film had started
    • had the film started
    • the film starts

    Отговор: the film had started

    В непрекия въпрос няма инверсия, а Past Simple става Past Perfect.

Critical thinking

1. Which of these is a fact, not an opinion?

   • Sofia is the capital of Bulgaria.
   • Sofia is the most beautiful city in Europe.
   • Summer is the best season.
   • Football is more exciting than tennis.

   Отговор: Sofia is the capital of Bulgaria.

   Фактът може да се провери; останалите изречения изразяват лична оценка.

2. Which word means 'information that shows something is true'?

   • rumour
   • gossip
   • evidence
   • guess

   Отговор: evidence

   Evidence означава доказателство.

3. Which word means a personal belief that cannot be proved?

   • opinion
   • fact
   • statistic
   • date

   Отговор: opinion

   Opinion е лично мнение, а фактът може да се провери.

4. A source that shows only one side of a story in order to influence people is ___.

   • objective
   • neutral
   • biased
   • balanced

   Отговор: biased

   Biased означава пристрастен, едностранчив.

5. Which question helps you evaluate a source?

   • What colour is the website?
   • How long is the article?
   • Who wrote it and why?
   • Is the font modern?

   Отговор: Who wrote it and why?

   Авторът и целта му показват дали източникът е надежден.

6. A website ending in '.gov' usually belongs to ___.

   • a shop
   • a pop star
   • a government
   • a football club

   Отговор: a government

   Домейнът .gov се използва от държавни институции.

7. Which is the most reliable source of information about a new medicine?

   • An anonymous social media post
   • A celebrity's blog
   • An advertisement for the medicine
   • A peer-reviewed medical journal

   Отговор: A peer-reviewed medical journal

   Рецензираните научни списания се проверяват от други експерти преди публикуване.

8. A photo that has been changed with software to show something false has been ___.

   • manipulated
   • illustrated
   • captured
   • printed

   Отговор: manipulated

   Manipulated означава подправен, променен с цел заблуда.

9. When you check the date of an article, you are checking if it is ___.

   • funny
   • up to date
   • long
   • colourful

   Отговор: up to date

   Датата показва дали информацията е актуална.

10. An 'echo chamber' online is a situation where people ___.

    • hear sounds repeated many times
    • are not allowed to post comments
    • mostly see opinions that match their own
    • read only printed newspapers

    Отговор: mostly see opinions that match their own

    В echo chamber човек вижда предимно мнения, които потвърждават неговите собствени.

11. 'Only 2 out of 100 people surveyed liked the product.' Which conclusion is justified?

    • Nobody likes the product.
    • Everyone in the country hates the product.
    • The product is dangerous.
    • Most people surveyed did not like the product.

    Отговор: Most people surveyed did not like the product.

    Изводът трябва да се отнася само до анкетираните и да следва от данните.

12. 'If we allow phones in class, soon students will stop learning altogether.' This is a ___ argument.

    • statistical
    • scientific
    • balanced
    • slippery slope

    Отговор: slippery slope

    Slippery slope: неоснователно твърдение, че една стъпка неизбежно води до крайно последствие.

13. 'Everyone is buying this phone, so it must be the best.' This argument is an example of ___.

    • the bandwagon fallacy
    • a reliable statistic
    • a scientific proof
    • a counter-argument

    Отговор: the bandwagon fallacy

    Bandwagon fallacy: нещо е вярно или добро само защото много хора го правят или вярват в него.

14. Our tendency to believe information that supports what we already think is called ___.

    • peer review
    • confirmation bias
    • fair use
    • cross-checking

    Отговор: confirmation bias

    Confirmation bias: склонност да приемаме информация, която потвърждава вече съществуващите ни възгледи.

15. Attacking the person instead of their argument is called a/an ___ argument.

    • ad hominem
    • evidence-based
    • inductive
    • neutral

    Отговор: ad hominem

    Ad hominem: нападка срещу човека, а не срещу аргумента му.

Reporting verbs

1. 'I'll help you with your homework,' said Ana. → Ana ___ to help me with my homework.

   • denied
   • offered
   • accused
   • refused

   Отговор: offered

   Offer to do something: предлагам да направя нещо.

2. 'Sorry I'm late,' said Tom. → Tom ___ for being late.

   • apologised
   • complained
   • warned
   • refused

   Отговор: apologised

   Apologise for + -ing: извинявам се за нещо.

3. 'Can you help me?' she asked. → She ___ me to help her.

   • told
   • said
   • asked
   • spoke

   Отговор: asked

   Молба се преразказва с ask someone to do something.

4. 'I didn't take the money,' he said. → He ___ taking the money.

   • denied
   • admitted
   • promised
   • agreed

   Отговор: denied

   Deny + -ing: отричам, че съм направил нещо.

5. 'Yes, I broke the vase,' said the boy. → The boy ___ breaking the vase.

   • denied
   • offered
   • threatened
   • admitted

   Отговор: admitted

   Admit + -ing: признавам, че съм направил нещо.

6. 'Remember to buy milk,' Mum said to me. → Mum ___ me to buy milk.

   • reported
   • remembered
   • recalled
   • reminded

   Отговор: reminded

   Remind someone to do something: напомням на някого.

7. 'You should see a doctor,' she said to me. → She ___ me to see a doctor.

   • suggested
   • insisted
   • apologised
   • advised

   Отговор: advised

   Advise + обект + to-инфинитив; suggest не се използва с тази конструкция.

8. 'Don't swim here, it's dangerous,' the lifeguard said. → The lifeguard ___ us not to swim there.

   • apologised
   • admitted
   • warned
   • suggested

   Отговор: warned

   Warn + обект + not to + инфинитив: предупреждавам.

9. 'Why don't you try the new café?' said Tom. → Tom ___ that we try the new café.

   • denied
   • recommended
   • refused
   • admitted

   Отговор: recommended

   Recommend that someone (should) do: препоръчвам.

10. 'Let's go to the cinema,' said Maria. → Maria ___ going to the cinema.

    • offered
    • suggested
    • told
    • refused

    Отговор: suggested

    Let's ... се предава със suggest + -ing.

11. 'No, I won't lend you my car,' said Dad. → Dad ___ to lend me his car.

    • denied
    • refused
    • admitted
    • suggested

    Отговор: refused

    Refuse to do something: отказвам да направя нещо.

12. 'Well done, you won the prize!' said the teacher. → The teacher congratulated me ___ the prize.

    • on winning
    • to win
    • for win
    • of winning

    Отговор: on winning

    Congratulate someone on doing something.

13. 'You broke the window, Peter!' said the teacher. → The teacher accused Peter ___ the window.

    • for breaking
    • to break
    • of breaking
    • about breaking

    Отговор: of breaking

    Accuse somebody of doing something: обвинявам някого в нещо.

14. 'I'll definitely be there on time,' said Ana. → Ana ___ to be there on time.

    • insisted
    • promised
    • accused
    • congratulated

    Отговор: promised

    Promise to do something: обещавам.

15. 'It was you who broke it!' he said to his sister. → He ___ his sister of breaking it.

    • blamed
    • criticised
    • accused
    • warned

    Отговор: accused

    Accuse someone of doing something; blame someone for something.

For and against essay

1. Which linking word introduces a contrasting idea?

   • Moreover
   • However
   • Firstly
   • Therefore

   Отговор: However

   However въвежда противопоставяне; moreover добавя, therefore показва резултат.

2. Which phrase introduces the first argument?

   • To begin with
   • In conclusion
   • On the contrary
   • Finally

   Отговор: To begin with

   To begin with означава като начало, първо.

3. A for and against essay presents ___.

   • only one side
   • only a story
   • both sides of an issue
   • only facts about the writer

   Отговор: both sides of an issue

   Есето за и против разглежда и двете страни на въпроса.

4. In a for and against essay, the writer's own opinion is usually given in the ___.

   • title
   • paragraph with the advantages
   • conclusion
   • paragraph with the disadvantages

   Отговор: conclusion

   В есето за и против двете страни се представят обективно, а личното мнение се изказва в заключението.

5. Which linker adds another point in the same direction?

   • Nevertheless
   • Although
   • Furthermore
   • Whereas

   Отговор: Furthermore

   Furthermore означава освен това.

6. Which phrase introduces the final paragraph?

   • To sum up,
   • Once upon a time,
   • Firstly,
   • By the way,

   Отговор: To sum up,

   To sum up / In conclusion въвеждат заключението.

7. Which phrase is the most suitable for formal writing?

   • It could be argued that
   • I reckon that
   • Like I said
   • Basically it's like

   Отговор: It could be argued that

   It could be argued that е безличен, формален израз, подходящ за есе.

8. Complete: 'Online learning is flexible. ___, students may feel isolated.'

   • For example
   • As a result
   • In addition
   • On the other hand

   Отговор: On the other hand

   On the other hand въвежда противоположна гледна точка.

9. Which is NOT suitable in a formal essay?

   • a clear structure
   • linking words
   • topic sentences
   • contractions like 'don't'

   Отговор: contractions like 'don't'

   В официално есе се избягват съкратени форми като don't, can't.

10. Complete: '___ social media keeps us connected, it can also be addictive.'

    • Despite
    • However
    • In spite
    • Although

    Отговор: Although

    Although се следва от цяло подчинено изречение; despite и in spite of изискват съществително или -ing.

11. Which sentence is the best example of a balanced, impersonal style?

    • I totally think home working is awesome!
    • Some people believe that working from home improves productivity.
    • Everybody knows offices are useless.
    • You'd be crazy to work in an office.

    Отговор: Some people believe that working from home improves productivity.

    Безличните формулировки и умереният тон са подходящи за формално есе.

12. Complete: 'There are several advantages. ___, public transport is cheaper.'

    • In contrast
    • For one thing
    • Nevertheless
    • Even though

    Отговор: For one thing

    For one thing въвежда първия довод в подкрепа.

13. Which linker shows a result?

    • Consequently
    • Nevertheless
    • Whereas
    • In addition

    Отговор: Consequently

    Consequently означава в резултат на това.

14. Complete: '___ the high cost, many families buy smartphones for their children.'

    • Although
    • However
    • Even though
    • Despite

    Отговор: Despite

    След despite стои съществително (the high cost), а не цяло изречение.

15. Complete: 'Some say exams are stressful; ___, they help students organise their time.'

    • moreover
    • as a result
    • nonetheless
    • for example

    Отговор: nonetheless

    Nonetheless показва контраст: въпреки това.

Финален въпрос