Страдателен залог и каузатив (have something done)
Страдателният залог (passive voice) се използва, когато е по-важно какво се случва, а не кой го прави. Строи се с be в нужното време + трето причастие: is spoken, was invented, is being built, has been cancelled, must be repeated. Извършителят се добавя с by, само ако е важен. Каузативът have/get something done показва, че някой друг върши нещо за нас: I had my hair cut (подстригаха ме). С get се изразява и нещо неприятно, което ни се е случило: She got her phone stolen.
Какво да запомним
- Passive = be + трето причастие (V3)
- Present: is spoken; Past: was invented; Continuous: is being built
- Perfect: has been cancelled; с модален глагол: must be repeated
- Causative: have/get + обект + V3: I had my hair cut.
- Деятелят с by: The telephone was invented by Bell.
Пример
They have cancelled the flight. → The flight has been cancelled. (Present Perfect в страдателен залог: has been + cancelled.)
Проверете се: 15 въпроса
Натиснете въпроса, за да видите верния отговор и обяснението.
English ___ all over the world.
- speaks
- is spoken
- is speaking
- spoke
Отговор: is spoken
Езикът не говори сам, затова страдателен залог: is + spoken.
The telephone ___ by Alexander Graham Bell.
- invented
- is invented
- was invented
- has invented
Отговор: was invented
Минало събитие в страдателен залог: was + invented.
I ___ my hair cut yesterday.
- had
- did
- made
- was
Отговор: had
Каузатив have something done: някой друг ме е подстригал.
A new hospital ___ in our town at the moment.
- is built
- has built
- is being built
- builds
Отговор: is being built
Действие в процес сега в страдателен залог: is being + built.
Change into the passive: 'They have cancelled the flight.'
- The flight has been cancelled.
- The flight has cancelled.
- The flight had been cancelling.
- The flight have been cancelled.
Отговор: The flight has been cancelled.
Present Perfect passive: has/have been + past participle.
This cake ___ by my grandmother yesterday.
- made
- is made
- was made
- makes
Отговор: was made
Past Simple passive: was + made.
Which sentence is in the passive?
- The results were published in a journal.
- Scientists published the results.
- They are publishing the results.
- The journal publishes new studies.
Отговор: The results were published in a journal.
Само в „The results were published in a journal.“ подлогът (results) понася действието: were published.
We are going to ___ our house painted next month.
- make
- let
- have
- do
Отговор: have
Каузатив have something done: някой друг ще боядиса къщата.
The experiment must ___ again.
- be repeated
- repeat
- be repeating
- repeated
Отговор: be repeated
След модален глагол страдателният залог е be + past participle.
She got her phone ___ last week.
- steal
- stolen
- to steal
- stealing
Отговор: stolen
Get/have something done може да описва и неприятно събитие: телефонът ѝ е бил откраднат.
Rice ___ in many Asian countries.
- is grow
- are grown
- grown
- is grown
Отговор: is grown
Страдателен залог: is + трето причастие.
The Mona Lisa ___ by Leonardo da Vinci.
- painted
- is painting
- was painted
- has painted
Отговор: was painted
Минало страдателно: was + painted.
The room ___ cleaned right now.
- is been
- has being
- is being
- was been
Отговор: is being
Present Continuous в страдателен залог: is being + V3.
I need to get my car ___ before the trip.
- repair
- repaired
- repairing
- to repair
Отговор: repaired
Каузатив: get + обект + трето причастие.
The letter ___ when I arrived.
- has already been sent
- had already been sent
- was already send
- had already sent
Отговор: had already been sent
Past Perfect в страдателен залог: had been + V3.